Progressive copper ore dressing technology

Copper is one of the earliest human discovered metal and used, since copper is highly malleable, easily forged, so in electronics, machinery and other manufacturing various components used to produce multi-; good thermal conductivity of copper, thermal conductivity slightly lower In silver and gold, copper is often used to make heaters, condensers, heat exchangers, etc.; pure copper is also a good conductor of electricity, and its conductivity is second only to silver, so copper is used in electrical, electronic, motor manufacturing and other industries. The most widely used in the department, the largest amount; copper corrosion resistance is strong, hydrochloric acid and dilute sulfuric acid and copper do not work, so in the chemical, sugar, wine industry, more copper is used to make vacuum, distiller, brewing valve , pipes, etc., in addition to many metals can be copper zinc, tin, aluminum, nickel, beryllium alloys and other important components. Copper and aluminum second only to steel consumption in metal materials, to become the people's livelihood and national defense projects as well as high-tech fields indispensable basic materials and strategic resources.

1 Distribution and occurrence characteristics of copper minerals

There are more than 200 kinds of copper minerals. There are about 15 kinds of copper minerals in nature, including: natural copper, chalcopyrite, copper blue, porphyrite, chalcopyrite, beryllium copper, arsenic bismuth copper. Mine, cuprite, black copper, azurite, malachite, chrysocolla, cholesteric, water cholesteric, chlorite. Among the world's industrially valuable copper ore production, 80% of the copper minerals are sulfides, most of which are chalcopyrite, others are chalcopyrite, porphyrite, beryllium copper and blue copper. Mine, natural copper only accounts for 10%, and the remaining 5% is oxide. China's copper deposits are mainly divided into the following categories:

(1) Porphyry copper deposits. The main minerals are chalcopyrite and chalcopyrite, which contain copper in the range of 1% to 1.5%. The associated minerals are pyrite, sphalerite, molybdenite , copper-nickel composite ore and gold. China's Shanxi Copper Mine, Jiangxi Dexing, Hebei Xiaosigou and other places are distributed.

(2) Layered copper deposits. The main mineral chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, malachite, azurite, chrysocolla, and see rare tetrahedrite, symbiotic well-lead ore minerals, sphalerite, pyrite, Limonite, hematite, calcite , quartz , barite, etc.

(3) Pyrite-type copper deposits. The ore is mainly pyrite, accounting for more than 95% of the total, of which there are chalcopyrites associated with sphalerite. Further contains gold, silver, lead, selenium and other symbiotic elements, sericite gangue minerals, chlorite and quartz.

(4) skarn type copper deposit. It is mainly composed of iron cap, malachite and chalcopyrite. The lower part of it is often composed of secondary enrichment zone, which consists of dense copper ore and soot-like chalcopyrite. Such deposits are widely distributed in China, such as Tongling in Anhui, Daye in Hubei, Tianbaoshan in Jilin, Huatong in Liaoning, and Shouwangfen in Hebei.

(5) Veinized copper deposits. The main minerals in the ore are chalcopyrite, pyrite, followed by sphalerite, galena, beryllium copper, pyrrhotite, porphyrite, chalcopyrite, etc. The gangue is quartz, calcite, and heavy crystal. stone, followed by there are siderite, sericite, chlorite, siderite manganese ore.

There are also sandstone -type copper deposits and copper-nickel sulfide deposits and Anshan basalt copper deposits.

Among the total reserves of various types of copper mines in the world, porphyry copper deposits account for more than 60%, sandstone copper mines account for 25% to 26%, copper-bearing pyrites account for more than 5%, and other types of copper ore account for 10%. % the following.

China's copper resources are widely distributed, and all the provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government, which have been identified, have different degrees of distribution. Copper production is concentrated in East China. The copper production in this region accounts for 51.84% of the country's total output, of which Anhui and Jiangxi provinces account for about 30%. The main consumption areas of copper are in East China and South China, and their consumption accounts for about 70% of the total national consumption. China's existing copper resources reserve reserves of 19.15 million, t basic reserves of 30.42 million, t resources of 31.77 million, t total of 62.18 million, t ranked seventh in the world, the country's major large copper mines have Jiangxi Dexing Copper Mine Yunnan Yimen Mineral Bureau, Shanxi Zhongtiao Mountain, Anhui Tongling, Hubei Tonglu Mountain and Fengshan Copper Mine accounted for 65.2% of the country's total resources.

From the proven reserves of copper, the number of high-grade ore that can be used in China is relatively small. Although China's copper reserves rank seventh in the world, the per capita possession is relatively low. This has restricted the development of China's copper industry from the source. Due to the limitation of copper resources, the production capacity of copper mines has slowed down markedly. China's copper consumption has surpassed the United States in 2002 to become the world's largest consumer. The output of refined copper was only 2.06 million in 2004, t compared to 2003. It increased by 13.3%, while the imported refined copper reached 2.88 million, and t increased by 7.8%. Therefore, it is of great significance to strengthen the research and discussion on the selection technology of copper resources.

2 Copper processing technology

Poverty, miscellaneous, oxygen, is the best summary of the current situation of copper resources in China. According to statistics, at present, 43% of China's copper reserves are difficult to use, and its ratio of production to storage is 33.8, which is significantly lower than that of major copper-producing countries, such as the United States, 123.9, and Chile, 127.9. Therefore, how to develop and utilize refractory copper ore has become an important issue in copper smelting. The copper mineral raw materials suitable for smelting are mostly found in many types of deposits. The types of deposits with mining value in China include magmatic copper-nickel sulphide deposits, porphyry copper deposits, sedimentary layered deposits, etc. 25%, The boundary of the copper mines may be reduced to 0.25%, the boundary of the copper mines may be reduced to 0.25%. The grade dropped to 0.1%. Some rocks with high copper content may become industrial ore. The average grade of copper mines in China is only 0.87%, and the copper reserves with grades greater than 1% account for 35% of the total reserves of copper mines in China. . 9%; mineral complex structural configuration, unevenness disseminated grain size, non-uniform multi disseminated ore particle, even many mineral composition, structure disseminated fine, complicated, more difficult dressing stone; diverse chemical composition of ore Associated with, symbiosis, a variety of beneficial and harmful components, complex metallurgical process conditions, the majority of mines currently developed in China are comprehensive copper deposits, associated with a variety of beneficial and harmful elements, comprehensive utilization of these resources, harm to benefit, but also beneficiation The main goal of the work.

Different beneficiation methods are generally used for different types of ore: common flotation method for single sulfide ore; for multi-metal sulfide ore, different ore composition characteristics adopt different separation methods including mixed flotation method, preferential flotation method, Mixed preferential flotation method, flotation and re-election combined beneficiation method, flotation and magnetic separation combined beneficiation method, and flotation and wet smelting combined treatment; oxidized ore beneficiation is generally treated by flotation and wet smelting The combination of the separation method and the flotation treatment; the copper ore containing the combined oxidized element is generally treated by wet smelting. Mixed ore beneficiation, usually by flotation, which can be treated separately or with sulphide ore; it can also be treated by flotation and wet smelting, ie flotation is selected first by flotation, then flotation The tailings after the treatment are treated by wet smelting. In China's current copper ore with industrial exploitation value, copper oxide ore and mixed copper ore account for 10% to 15% of the world's copper ore, accounting for about 25% of the copper metal.

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