General industrial requirements for antimony ore : boundary grade , containing Sb 0.7%; industrial grade , containing Sb 1.5%; recoverable thickness ≥ 1m; stone removal thickness ≥ 2m
The industrial utilization value is suitable for the current smelting conditions. There are only 10 kinds of antimony minerals containing more than 20% bismuth, namely stibnite (including Sb 71.4%), bismuth ore (including Sb 83.3%), and Suihua (including Sb). 83.3%), antimony ocher (containing Sb 74% ~ 79%), yellow antimony China (containing Sb 74.5%), sulfur oxides antimony (containing Sb 75.2%), natural antimony (containing Sb 100%), thimerosal antimony (including Sb 51.6%), Jamesonite lead ore (containing Sb 35.5%), dark green copper ore (containing Sb 25%). Among them, stibnite is the most important mineral raw material for the selection of smelting.
There are four methods for the production of helium oxygen: 1 Volatile roasting of barium sulfide ore. The response is:
2SbS+9O—→2SbO+6SO gaseous SbO is discharged with the furnace gas, and condensed and dusted to obtain oxygen. The non-volatile SbO can be further oxidized to non-volatile SbO and left in the slag. To reduce this loss, a carbonaceous reducing agent can be added during calcination. Modern roasting equipment is a rotary kiln, and some factories in China use Chinese-style shaft furnaces. The feed size of the shaft furnace is 20-200 mm, 6-7%, 3-3.6 tons/(m), the slag contains 1-2%, and the recovery rate is 90-93%. 2 bismuth sulfide concentrate flashing volatile roasting. The 80% -200 mesh concentrate was dried to a water content of 0.5%, sprayed with air from a rotary kiln head, and suspended in a gas stream. Under high temperature and turbulent conditions, strontium sulfide is rapidly oxidized to cerium oxide , which is discharged from the kiln tail with the furnace gas and enters the dust collection system (see). The recovery rate of hydrazine is about 96%. Most of the gangue falls into the kiln, flows back against the flue gas, and is discharged from the kiln head. The kiln head is also equipped with a fuel injector for replenishing heat. 3 sulphide sulfide concentrate blast furnace volatile smelting. Development of the column of material of low Chinese tin mine Bureau of Mines, hot top operation, handles both antimony sulfide concentrate pellets, can handle antimony sulfide and antimony oxide mixed foam concentrate pellets and the like antimony-containing slag materials. When the process sulfide concentrates, [kg02] SbS oxidized to the most volatilized SbO, SbO small partially melted and acts directly generate SbS antimony metal, the reaction is:
2SbO+SbS—→6Sb+3SO also produces a small amount of hail (锑é”) and metal crucibles flowing out from the bottom of the furnace. The hail can be returned directly or after roasting. If the gold and silver contained in the concentrate, and less output antimony metal, antimony often a certain amount of the blast furnace into the bed, to capture gold and silver, antimony trapped expensive gold and silver called antimony. The bed energy rate of the blast furnace is 28 to 30 tons / (meter? day), the recovery rate of strontium is 95 to 99%, the slag contains about 1%, and the coke rate is about 35%. 4 sulphide sulfide concentrate vortex furnace volatile smelting. The oxidation of iron ore, limestone, ground quartz and charcoal, antimony sulfide concentrate was added with mixing vortex furnace, melting volatilizes. The volatilization rate of hydrazine can reach over 97%.
Raw Smelting and Fire Refining Volatile roasting and volatile smelting produce less oxygen and contain less impurities. They are blended with coal and a small amount of soda ash (NaCO), which is reduced and smelted into coarse enthalpy in a reverberatory furnace. The gangue in the oxygen, the ash of the coal, and the poly-foaming light "bubble" formed by the reaction of some arsenic and antimony oxides with the soda ash float on the surface of the mash. When the foam is removed, it is rough. If refining is required , the soda ash can be continuously added. After the alkali is melted, the compressed air is blown into the mash to perform alkaline refining. Impurities such as arsenic, selenium and tellurium in the mash are oxidized to form corresponding sodium salts, and copper sulfide and copper sulfide are formed into the alkali residue. When the iron content is high, the temperature can be lowered, and the iron is precipitated in the form of SbFe and SbFe, and the remaining small amount of iron is removed by adding sulfur. It is generally necessary to carry out multiple refinings in order to obtain qualified fines. The low-quality ingot before arsenic, antimony oxide was added in the furnace, oxygen antimony ingot after melting the ingot outer layer of molten antimony oxide, commonly known as "coated sub", no protective oxide fine antimony, antimony and slowly cooled, The surface can form a beautiful phoenix-like crystal pattern, which is characteristic of the famous Chinese high-quality antimony ingot . (See color map [the world famous 锑 锑 状 , , ,, Hunan tin mine mining bureau products ])
Electrolytic refining is refined by electrolysis to obtain higher purity ruthenium and to recover precious metals and other valuable metals in the crude ruthenium. The electrolyte is an aqueous solution of hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid , the current density is 100-110 amps/meter, the tank voltage is about 0.9 volts, and the electrical energy consumption is about 550-590 kWh/ton. Gold and silver are concentrated in the anode mud.
Precipitation smelting This method is suitable for the treatment of rich ore . Heating with strontium sulfide and metallic iron occurs as follows:
SbS+3Fe—→2Sb+3FeS can be rough. The specific gravity of the molten iron sulfide melt with antimony close shall sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, sodium chloride flux, in order to reduce the proportion of iron sulfide melt, melt antimony facilitate settlement. This method is not suitable for the treatment of lead-containing ore, because the rough lead can not be removed by general refining method. Small-scale production of multi-purpose crucible furnaces, large-scale production reverberatory furnaces, and some factory electric furnaces.
The blast furnace smelting blast furnace of cerium oxide ore has a large adaptability range and can handle refractory ore. The grade of the ore is not strict, and some sulphide ore is mixed in the oxidized ore. In smelting iron ore, limestone flux, coke as the reducing agent, the crude output of antimony. In the United States, 25-40% of oxidized ore, mixed ore and slag containing strontium are treated with a blast furnace.
The wet process refining uses sodium sulfide and sodium hydroxide solution to leach the barium sulfide concentrate, and the barium sulfide and sodium sulfide react to form sodium thioantimonite (NaSbS) dissolved in water; the solution is prepared into a catholyte to hydrogen The sodium oxide solution is an anolyte, and electrolysis is performed on the separator to obtain an electrothermal enthalpy containing 96 to 98% of cerium.
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