As we all know, open pit mining has the advantages of large production capacity, high resource recovery rate and low cost. To metal ore, for example, open pit mining and underground mining production of stable than the current 5: 1-6: 1 between underground mining, of which more than 80% of the ore mined is open, but accounts for less than ore production 20%.
However, the depletion of mineral resources and the increasing competition in international mining industry, mining enterprises are facing greater production pressure, and the exploitation of shallow mineral resources has also brought new challenges to domestic open pit mines. How to rationally exploit deep resources has become a constraint. The bottleneck in the development of open pit mines.
Open-pit to underground mining is a new mining method proposed by former Soviet mining experts BN Jerinkev and Professor Agoskov. The starting point is the comprehensive exploitation of mineral resources, which will be developed during the development of a deposit. The most effective combination of different processes and technologies is to open the upper part of the mining bed with an open pit and then transition to the lower part of the mining bed by underground mining. Open-pit mining underground mines are generally steeply inclined deposits with deep ore bodies, shallow cover layers or exposed on the surface, mostly medium or thick. Because of the advantages of low investment, quick effect, excellent lean index, good efficiency and anti-risk, the open-pit mining in the early stage of this type of deposit has been widely used.
Although open-pit mining methods are the mainstream of open-pit mine development, not all mines are suitable for this type of mining method. In the 20th century, China's geological exploration level and equipment are still not high. Many open-pit mines did not have deep-level design for open-air underground at the beginning of design, and even more due to technical funding restrictions, in order to obtain short-term benefits, the deposits Destructive open-pit mining has made the further development of the deposit extremely difficult, which requires that the open-pit mining underground mines should do geological exploration work and overall planning work, before the (open-air) (underground) mining The comprehensive planning should be unified. The development system in the later stage of open pit mining should consider the utilization of underground roadways. At the same time, in the transition to underground mining, underground mining should also use the relevant projects and facilities such as open pit mining to make the open-pit mining smooth. The transition to underground mining will keep mine production and economic benefits stable. Therefore, open-pit mining to underground mining is a widespread problem in the domestic mining market, and it is also a problem that needs to be urgently solved in the domestic mining market.
For open-pit mining underground mines, the mining period of the entire mine generally has to go through three stages: open-pit mining period, open-air and underground joint mining transition period and underground mining period. In these three stages, the mining intensity of the mine and the mining enterprise The production capacity is different. Therefore, when considering the mining process and engineering layout of open-pit mining, it is necessary to study the mining strength and production capacity that are compatible with the mining conditions and mining technical conditions of the mine, in order to obtain economic benefits. Maximize. The experience of open-pit mining to underground mining at home and abroad shows that when the mine makes full use of the favorable technological features of open pit and underground mining, planning the planning of open pit and underground mining as a whole can reduce the capital investment of the mine by 25% to 50%. The cost is reduced by about 25%.
At present, some of the advanced mines in China have completed this transition, and still maintain the advantage of production, achieving the goal of “not stopping production during the transition period and not reducing production during the transition periodâ€. For the foreseeable future, open-pit to underground and open-pit mining will become a mature discipline serving the sustainable development of the mining industry.
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